Publications


  • “The Prison Population,” Howard Journal of Crime and Justice, Centenary Edition, 2021.
  • “A Customary Scale of Punishment:”  Judicial Sentencing in England and Wales,” in Elizabeth Gibson-Morgan (ed.), Fighting for Justice: Common Law and Civil Law Judges: Threats and Challenges (University of Wales Press, 2021).
  • “The Shadow of the Gallows: The Death Penalty and the British Labour Government, 1945-51,” Law and History Review, vol. 18 (Summer 2000).
  • “The Death Penalty in British History: Review Article,” Punishment & Society, vol. 2, # 1, January 2000.
  • “English Prisons, Penal Culture, and the Abatement of Imprisonment, 1895-1922,” Journal of British Studies, July, 1997, pp. 285-324. (This article received the Walter D. Love Prize of the NACBS).
  • “The Fabrication of Deviance. ‘Dangerous Classes’ and ‘Criminal Classes’ in Victorian England,” in R. Malcolmson & J. Rule (eds.), Protest and Survival:  The Historical Experience.  Essays for E.P. Thompson (The New Press, 1993), pp. 221-256.
  • “Crime in the Twentieth Century,” History Today,  May 1988, pp. 42-48.
  • “Churchill as Home Secretary: Prison Reform,” History Today, March 1985, pp. 10-13.
  • “‘In Darkest England and the Way Out’: the Salvation Army, Social Reform and the Labour Movement, 1885-1910,” International Review of Social History, XXIX, Part 2 (1984), pp. 133-71.
  • “Bibles and Dummy Rifles: The Rise of the Boys’ Brigade,” History Today, Oct. 1983, pp. 5-9.
  • “Scouting for Empire,” History Today, July 1982, pp. 5-9.
  • “Reato, giustizia penale et autorita in Inghilterra, un decennio di studi storici, 1969-1979,” Quaderni Storici, no. 44, 1980.
  • “Crime, Criminal Justice and Authority in England: Bibliographical Essay,” Bulletin of the Society for the Study of Labour History, No. 40, Spring 1980, pp. 36-46.
  • “Reforming the Law of Incest,” Criminal Law Review, December 1979, pp. 749-64 (co-authored).
  • “The Punishment of Incest Act 1908: A Case Study of Law Creation,” Criminal Law Review, November 1979, pp. 708-18.
  • “Crime in England 1550-1860: Extended Review,” Sociological Review, Nov. 1978, pp. 925-31.
  • “Salvation Army Riots, the ‘Skeleton Army’ and Legal Authority in the Provincial Town,” in Social Control in Nineteenth Century Britain, ed., A.P.Donajgrodzki (Croom Helm, 1977), pp. 231-53.